Part I Introduction
1 Real-World Terrain .................................................................................... 3
Erosion ......................................................................................................... 8
Scale ............................................................................................................. 14
2 CG Terrain .................................................................................................. 17
History of Terrain in CG .............................................................................. 18
Shot List ....................................................................................................... 20
Optimization ................................................................................................ 21
Real Time/Pre-rendered Graphics ................................................................ 22
Digital Elevation Maps ................................................................................ 24
Land Use Maps, Texturing ........................................................................... 25
Title Sets....................................................................................................... 27
3 Plant Life ..................................................................................................... 33
Geographic factors ....................................................................................... 35
Plant Classif cation ....................................................................................... 38
Leaf Structure ............................................................................................... 39
Leaf Shape ........................................................................................... 41
Growth Limits .............................................................................................. 43
Fibonacci Numbers ...................................................................................... 44
Landscaping ................................................................................................. 45
Level of Detail ..................................................................................... 46
Optimization ................................................................................................. 49
4 Civil Engineering ....................................................................................... 53
History of ..................................................................................................... 54
Surface Preparation ...................................................................................... 60
Construction Materials ................................................................................. 61
CG Application ............................................................................................ 62
Transportation .............................................................................................. 63
Signage ......................................................................................................... 64
5 Architecture ................................................................................................ 67
Cast Concrete/Nurbs .................................................................................... 72
High-Resolution Lighting/Nurbs ................................................................. 72
6 Texturing ..................................................................................................... 85
Perspective/Lens Distortion ......................................................................... 86
Monitor Calibration ..................................................................................... 87
Color Shift .................................................................................................... 88
Light Gradient/Falloff .................................................................................. 89
Contrast ........................................................................................................ 91
Shadows ....................................................................................................... 92
Bump Maps .................................................................................................. 93
Atmosphere/Fog ........................................................................................... 94
Ref ected Light ............................................................................................. 95
Ref ections .................................................................................................... 95
Blur .............................................................................................................. 96
Blocked View ............................................................................................... 96
Resolution .................................................................................................... 97
Color ............................................................................................................ 98
Texture design .............................................................................................. 100
Weathering ................................................................................................... 103
7 Lighting ....................................................................................................... 107
Light Types................................................................................................... 111
CG Lights ..................................................................................................... 117
Quality Settings ................................................................................... 121
8 Project, Grading, and Conclusion ............................................................ 123
Overview ...................................................................................................... 123
Supplies/materials required .......................................................................... 126
Instructions ................................................................................................... 126
Rules ............................................................................................................ 126
Expectations ................................................................................................. 127
Delivery schedule ......................................................................................... 127
Conclusion, Part One ................................................................................... 132
3D4/Anatomy for Characters
Part II Introduction
9 Anatomy .................................................................................................... 135
Body Plans ................................................................................................. 136
Homotopic Mammalian Topology ............................................................. 138
Mechanical Properties ............................................................................... 138
Navigation Terms ....................................................................................... 139
Muscle Types ............................................................................................. 139
Species Shape Variations ........................................................................... 140
10 The Skeleton/Axial ................................................................................... 145
Bone Feature Types ................................................................................... 146
The Axial Skeleton .................................................................................... 148
Skull ........................................................................................................... 149
Spine .......................................................................................................... 166
Thoracic Cage ............................................................................................ 178
11 Appendicular Skeleton............................................................................ 181
General ....................................................................................................... 181
Pectoral Girdle ........................................................................................... 182
Arm ............................................................................................................ 186
Hand ........................................................................................................... 190
Hip ............................................................................................................. 198
Leg ............................................................................................................. 201
Foot ............................................................................................................ 207
12 Musculature .............................................................................................. 217
General ....................................................................................................... 217
Torso .......................................................................................................... 224
Head ........................................................................................................... 232
Eye ............................................................................................................. 242
13 Musculature (Continued ..)...................................................................... 245
General ....................................................................................................... 246
Arm ............................................................................................................ 247
Hand ........................................................................................................... 264
Leg ............................................................................................................. 270
Foot ............................................................................................................ 283
14 Joints ......................................................................................................... 287
Ball and Socket .......................................................................................... 288
Hinge .......................................................................................................... 288
Saddle ......................................................................................................... 288
Pivot ........................................................................................................... 289
Ellipsoid ..................................................................................................... 289
Plane ........................................................................................................... 289
Thumb ........................................................................................................ 294
Fingers ........................................................................................................ 294
Tarsal joints ................................................................................................ 299
Toes ............................................................................................................ 301
Conclusion ................................................................................................. 301
15 CG Anatomy ............................................................................................. 303
Skin ............................................................................................................ 312
Subdivision Surfaces .................................................................................. 314
Neutral Pose ............................................................................................... 314
UVs ...................................................................................................... 317
16 Projects and Conclusion .......................................................................... 319
Instructions ................................................................................................. 319
Rules .......................................................................................................... 321
Expectations ............................................................................................... 321
Delivery Schedule ...................................................................................... 321
Hand-in Schedule ....................................................................................... 322
Glossary ............................................................................................................ 323
Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 335
Index .................................................................................................................. 337